Dynamic monitoring of functional status in athletes performing physical loads in vertical and horizontal planes with equivalent energy supply for muscle training

Abstract

Purpose. To dynamically monitor the functional state of athletes undergoing physical loads in vertical and horizontal planes with similar energy demands during the training cycle. Material & Methods. A total of 47 athletes were examined, including 27 runners at the 400 m distance and 20 swimmers at the 100 m distance in the preparatory and competition periods of the training process. Heart rate variability and central hemodynamics were measured using the automated diagnostic platform Cardio+. Physical performance was assessed on the Corival Lode cycle ergometer using the submaximal PWC170 test. Results. During the competitive season, runners exhibited a trend towards increased parasympathetic influence and decreased sympathovagal index. Significant decreases were found in heart rate and cardiac index, with a shift in circulation type from eukinetic to hypokinetic. Analysis of circulation type distribution revealed an increase in hypokinetic circulation and the elimination of hyperkinetic circulation. Physical performance significantly improved, with increases in PWC170/kg and physical fitness index. A negative correlation was observed between performance metrics and cardiac index during the preparatory period. Swimmers showed trends towards increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity, though these changes were not statistically significant. A trend towards decreased cardiac index was observed. Circulation type distribution shifted towards hypokinetic circulation. PWC170/kg and physical fitness index significantly increased. Highly-trained runners demonstrated significant decreases in cardiac index and increases in performance metrics during the competitive period. Negative correlations were found between performance metrics and cardiac index. No significant correlations were observed in lower-level athletes.